Islam and Science Essay -- essays research papers fc

Islam and Science      The sixth century Islamic realm acquired the logical convention generally vestige. They safeguarded it, expounded it, lastly, passed it to Europe (Science: The Islamic Legacy 3). At this early date, the Islamic tradition of the Umayyads indicated an incredible enthusiasm for science. The Dark Ages for Europeans were a very long time of philosophical and logical revelation and improvement for Muslim researchers. The Arabs at the time acclimatized the antiquated intelligence of Persia and the traditional legacy of Greece, just as adjusting their own particular manners of reasoning (Hitti 363). The Islamic capacity to accommodate monotheism and science prooves to be a first time in human idea that religious philosophy, theory, and science were composed in a bound together entirety. In this way, their commitment was "one of the principal greatness, thinking about its impact upon logical and rational idea and upon the philosophy of later times" (Hitti 580). One reason for such advancement of science is likely because of God's precept to investigate the laws of nature. The thought is to appreciate all manifestations for its intricacy and to love the maker for His resourcefulness. Perhaps holding to this conviction, Islam's commitments to science had secured numerous foundations of thought including arithmetic, cosmology, medication and reasoning. A typical misguided judgment today is that religion and science can't match since they negate one another. On account of Islam, be that as it may, this announcement has been disproven by sections in the Qur’an, hadeeth (prophetic convention), and logical revelations by unmistakable Muslim logicians. Actually, one of the customs left by Prophet Muhammad shows Muslims â€Å"to look for information, however it be in China,† or not at arm’s length (Science in the Golden Age 8). Muslims are urged to utilize knowledge and perceptions to reach determinations. Islamic human advancements, indeed, were the â€Å"inheritors of the logical convention generally vestige. They saved it, expounded it, and, at long last, gave it to Europe† (Science: The Islamic Legacy 3). Quite a bit of Europe’s logical revival can be ascribed to the interpretations of more than 400 Arab creators in the subjects of ophthalmology, medical procedure, pharmaceuticals, youngster care, a nd general wellbeing (Tschanz 31). The combination of both Eastern and Western thoughts made Islamic civic establishments flourish in a... ... were likewise strict researchers. In this way, the proof is certain that concordance exists among Islam and science. Works Cited Ahmed, Shabbir. Why I Am Not a Christian. Lauderhill: Galaxy Publications, 1999. Bucaille, Maurice. â€Å"The Qur’an and Modern Science.† The Origin of Man. Jan 2001. 9 Mar 2005. . Hitti, K.Phillip. History of the Arabs.New York: St. Martins Press, 1970 Blessed Qur'an. Trans. M. H. Shakir. Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, n.d.. Ibrahim, I.A. A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam. second ed. Houston: Darussalam, 1997. Ruler, A. David. Islamic Mathematical Astronomy .London: Varioum Reprints, 1986. Lunde, Paul. â€Å"Science in the Golden Age.† Aramco World Magazine. 1986. Lunde, Paul. â€Å"Science: The Islamic Legacy.† Aramco World. 1986: 3-13. Osler, Sir William. The Evolution of Modern Medicine. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921. Sirasi, G. Nancy. Avicenna in Renaissance Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987. Tschanz, David W. â€Å"The Arab Roots of European Medicine.† Aramco World. May/June 1997: 20-31. Zahoor, A. what's more, Z. Haq. â€Å"Qur’an and Scientific Knowledge.† 9 March 2005. http://www.quran.org.uk/ieb_quran_scientific_knowledge.htm.

The Formation of the Islamic State Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Formation of the Islamic State - Assignment Example He was the organizer and pioneer of al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad shaped during the 1990s (Osobista 17). Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the present chief of ISIS however before that he was a functioning Muslim minister and an adherent of Saddam Hussein. He lectures radical Islam and is accepted to be a Caliph by his supporters. The two men assume a job in the development of ISIS as Zarkawis fear based oppressor bunches prompted the arrangement of ISIS just as the lessons of Baghdadi the pioneer of ISIS. Baghdadi was the pioneer of al-Qaeda in 2010 preceding the development of ISIS in 2014. The two men were cooperating in fear monger assaults that later framed ISIS (Osobista 30). Baghdadi is a man of hardly any words where one can say he is a self observer. History proposes that he was not a social individual and didn't have numerous companions. He is a caliph who invests the majority of his energy in the mosque driving petitions. Baghdadi, dissimilar to Zarkawi, is certifiably not a fierce individual. Zarkawi’s character, then again, is open right from his administration of al Qaeda. He was the one driving in the extreme lessons of Islam and had a huge after (Osobista 15)..

The Right to Own a Gun Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Right to Own a Gun      Are you ready to kick back and turn into a survivor of rough wrongdoing or permit the administration to mess with your common freedoms? As of late, hostile to weapon government officials have endeavored to control firearms for the sake of wrongdoing anticipation this is an ambush on the Second Amendment privileges of US residents . The Second Amendment states, â€Å" An all around directed Militia being important to the Security of a free express, the privilege of the individuals to keep and remain battle ready, will not be infringed.† Not just did our Founding Fathers center their discussion around the privilege of individuals to keep and carry weapons, they committed vitality to urging people in the future to guard theories opportunities. With regards to firearm proprietorship, Alexander Hamilton stated, â€Å"If conditions ought to whenever oblige the legislature to frame a multitude of any extent, that military can never be considerable to the freedoms of t he individuals while there is a huge assortment of residents, little if at all sub-par compared to them in discipline and the utilization of arms, who stand prepared to guard their privileges and those of their individual citizens.† During our country’s advancement many well behaved residents had the option to wage war against uncivilized crowds to shield themselves, their family, their homes, and their organizations. They carried out the responsibility law requirement just couldn't do. Lives were spared. Burglaries were forestalled. Homes and organizations were protected and left unblemished, all gratitude to the Second Amendment to our sacred, the option to keep and remain battle ready. Americans have made it understood they dismiss most government interruptions on their essential social equality, including the privilege of firearm possession. As indicated by an April 18, 1994 investigation by Penn and Schoen Associates, Inc. upwards of 85 percent of American grown-ups said they are reluctant to relinquish fundamental common freedoms regardless of whether it could improve their own wellbeing. 75 percent concurred that police and the equity frameworks couldn’t secure them; individuals said they need to assume greater liability for shielding themselves. 62 percent said the requirement for individual firearms possession is expanding, and a dominant part is reluctant to acknowledge laws that confine weapon proprietorship significantly. Weapons, Crime, and Freedom expresses that, no firearm law which confines the privilege of honest residents to claim weapons has been demonstrated to diminish wrongdoing or manslaughters, not in any case the Brady Law and the â€Å"Clinton Crime Bill.† These two laws st... ...f government law requirement offices carried out their responsibilities as for firearms and indicted vicious criminals utilizing just GCA’68, as transformed, weapon control would not be an issue and we would be far toward taking care of the brutal wrongdoing issue. We would get lawbreakers off the avenues and into prison. Americans need fierce crooks off the roads and out of their neighborhoods. The primary concern is Americans are disturbed about wrongdoing and adequately dismiss government arrangements that encroach on their privileges and freedoms.      Ultimately, it is a person’s decision to utilize guns to carry out savage violations. So crooks ought to be controlled, not the firearms which they share with a great many well behaved residents. Weapon control supporters guarantee that firearm control brings down crime percentage. We as individuals need to stand firm and battle for our Second Amendment and the option to carry weapons. Firearm control advocates need to understand that passing laws that fair weapon proprietors won't obey is a foolish technique. Firearm proprietors are not going to give up their freedoms or their entitlement to remain battle ready. The Federal Govement of the United States ought not have the option to remove the privilege of reputable residents to claim a weapon.  â â â â

CARS Dos and Don’ts for Studying Success

Some students can feel adrift when setting out to study for CARS. These helpful Dos and Don’ts you help you get started! DO: Approach with confidence CARS is a special MCAT section because everything you need is right there! You don’t need to know anything else beyond what is in the passage. You don’t need to memorize biochemical pathways or physics equations or psychology terms. You just need to let yourself think clearly and strategically. DON’T: Fall into a fixed mindset Too many students make the mistake of approaching CARS as something they are good or bad at. This fixed mindset of seeing CARS skill as a permanent trait, as opposed to the growth mindset of realizing that you can improve immensely through personal effort, can limit you unfairly. Anybody can be amazing at CARS. If you are not comfortable with this section starting out, with a focus on strategy and lots of directed practice, you could end up with CARS as your new favorite section! DO: Put in the time You spent whole semesters of coursework learning biology, physics, and chemistry. Those subjects have a head start and so you may need to put in more time for CARS than for other sections. While you’ve been reading for decades now, thinking about these passages in the way the test-makers want you to think about them takes practice and practice requires time. DON’T: Forget timing It is so easy to run into trouble with timing on this section. You can get distracted or lost in circular thinking on just one difficult question. However, that one question is worth just as many points as an easier one in the next passage. If your timing is off, you may not even get to all the questions and that leaves valuable points on the table. When you do CARS practice passages, ALWAYS time yourself. DO: Get creative to stay engaged in the material Some passages are more interesting than others. If you’re having trouble staying focused, try following along each line with your mouse cursor so you don’t skip over anything important—you can even bounce along like karaoke if that makes it more fun. If you find the subject matter distasteful or you disagree with the writer, lean into that feeling. Imagine you are going to debate the author and you need to pay attention to the strengths and weaknesses of their argument so you can explain just why they are wrong. This can actually turn an unpleasant passage into a fun exercise. DON’T: Expect linear progress Because there is so much variability in the passages and the way information is presented, it is difficult to see a trend showing improvement right away. There are simply too many confounding factors in each passage: your familiarity with the topic, your interest in the topic, and how well the logic of the questions meshes with your unique way of thinking. Furthermore, because each passage takes a long time to go through, in an hour of studying you may be practicing fewer questions doing CARS than other sections. It takes time to see the progress you’re making in CARS, but eventually it all clicks and you’ll see a large jump in your score and it will all be worth it. DO: Keep at it! CARS can challenging, but the right approach can make studying a much more rewarding and even enjoyable process. The road to medical school is long, and the MCAT is one of its most formidable challenges. You will be relieved to know that what you learned in your premedical courses is actually on the test. But studying for the MCAT is more about taking that knowledge stored way back there in the nooks and crannies of your mind, bringing it to the fore, and then learning to twist and stretch it in the ways the MCAT tests. In reality, studying for the MCAT is no more (or less) difficult than spending late hours on a physics problem set or an entire weekend on an organic chemistry lab report. Just like these other tasks, the MCAT requires endurance and follow-through, but it becomes significantly more manageable when you work with a Cambridge Coaching MCAT tutor to apply a structured, systematic, and strategic approach to your studying. Anyone can study hard - but the real key to MCAT success is learning to study smart. So, while all forms of MCAT preparation require you to crunch a lot of material, we focus on helping you to make strategic choices about your areas of focus at every step of the game. Each Cambridge Coaching tutor is a highly-skilled manager of your personal study process. He or she will do more than just target your weaknesses - your tutor’s goal is to identify the sections where you have the greatest potential for improvement, and teach you to wring every last point from them by creating the roadmap for your studying, and helping you stick to it. Right from the start, your tutor will create a customized syllabus for you, and will then modify that syllabus as needed. ; Planning on taking the MCAT in 2020? Check out some other helpful blog posts below! 3 essential tips for the MCAT Psychology/Sociology section Don’t make the MCAT CARS section harder than it needs to be! Build on your existing reading skills. A comprehensive guide to MCAT resources

Responding to Discrimination During a Job Interview

Its not always easy to determine if youve been the victim of discrimination during a job interview. However, many people can relate to being ecstatic about an upcoming interview, only to show up and get a hostile vibe from the prospective employer.  In fact, in some cases, a company official may actually dissuade a person from applying for the position in question. What went wrong? Was race a factor? With these tips, learn to identify when your civil rights have been violated during a job interview. Know Which Interview Questions Are Illegal to Ask A major complaint ethnic minorities have about racism in contemporary America is that it’s more likely to be covert than overt. That means a prospective employer isn’t likely to say outright that your ethnic group needn’t apply for a job at that company. However, an employer might ask interview questions about your race, color, sex, religion, national origin, birthplace, age, disability or marital/family status. Asking about any of these matters is illegal, and you’re under no obligation to answer such questions. Mind you, every interviewer who poses such questions may not do so with the intention of discriminating. The interviewer may simply be ignorant of the law. In any case, you can take the confrontational route and inform the interviewer that you’re not obliged to answer these questions or take the non-confrontational route and avoid answering the questions by changing the subject. Some interviewers who do intend to discriminate may be aware of the law and savvy about not directly asking you any illegal interview questions. For example, instead of asking where you were born, an interviewer might ask where you grew up and comment on how well you speak English. The goal is to prompt you to disclose your birthplace, national origin or race. Once again, feel no obligation to respond to such questions or comments. Interview the Interviewer Unfortunately, not all companies that practice discrimination will make proving it easy for you. The interviewer might not ask you questions about your ethnic background or make insinuations about it. Instead, the interviewer might treat you hostilely from the outset of the interview for no apparent reason or tell you from the start that you wouldn’t be a good fit for the position. Should this happen, turn the tables and begin to interview the interviewer. If told you wouldn’t be a good fit, for example, ask why you were called in for the interview then. Point out that your resume hasn’t changed between the time you were called in for the interview and showed up to apply. Ask which qualities the company seeks in a job candidate and explain how you line up with that description. It’s also worth noting that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandates that â€Å"job requirements†¦ be uniformly and consistently applied to persons of all races and colors.† To boot, job requirements that are applied consistently but not important for business needs may be unlawful if they disproportionately exclude individuals from certain racial groups. The same is true if an employer requires workers to have educational backgrounds that don’t directly relate to job performance. Take note if your interviewer lists any job requirement or educational certificate that seems non-essential to business needs. When the interview ends, be sure that you have the full name of the interviewer, the department the interviewer works in, and, if possible, the name of the interviewer’s supervisor. Once the interview wraps up, note any off-color remarks or questions the interviewer made. Doing so could help you notice a pattern in the interviewer’s line of questioning that makes it clear that discrimination was at hand. Why You? If discrimination factored into your job interview, identify why you were targeted. Was it just because you are African American, or was it because you are young, African American and male? If you say that you were discriminated against because you are black and the company in question has a number of black employees, your case won’t look very credible. Find out what separates you from the pack. The questions or comments the interviewer made should help you pinpoint why. Equal Pay for Equal Work Suppose that salary comes up during the interview. Clarify with the interviewer if the salary you are being quoted is the same anyone with your job experience and education would receive. Remind the interviewer how long you’ve been in the workforce, the highest level of education you’ve attained and any awards and accolades you’ve received. You might be dealing with an employer who isn’t averse to hiring racial minorities but compensates them less than their white counterparts. This, too, is illegal. Testing During the Interview Were you tested during the interview? This could constitute discrimination if you were tested for â€Å"knowledge, skills or abilities that are not important for job performance or business needs,† according to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Such a test would also constitute discrimination if it eliminated a disproportionate number of people from a minority group as job candidates. In fact, employment testing was at the root of the controversial Supreme Court case Ricci v. DeStefano, in which the City of New Haven, Conn., threw out a promotional exam for firefighters because racial minorities overwhelmingly did poorly on the test. What Next? If you were discriminated against during a job interview, contact the supervisor of the person who interviewed you. Tell the supervisor why you were a target of discrimination and any questions or comments the interviewer made that violated your civil rights. If the supervisor fails to follow up or take your complaint seriously, contact the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and file a charge of discrimination against the company with them.

College Should Be Free - 759 Words

Should the cost of earning a college degree be free? Some students,parents, and educators say that it is morally wrong for a child to spend their entire life going to public school for free and having them to just turn around and pay for college. The students, parents, and educators all would agree that the cost of obtaining a college degree should indeed be free. Those who are against this issue believe that the students themselves or their parents who are financially able should pay for some or all of the expense of attending college after all public school students are given a free ride from elementary to high school. Understanding and considering both sides of the issue, I strongly stand by the decision stating that the cost of attending college should be free. To begin, earning a college degree should be based on a students intellectual ability to complete the curriculum not their ability to meet financial guidelines. Most colleges say that they accept students who have a two point zero grade point average or higher, standard SAT and ACT scores, and the twenty four credits needed to graduate, but once a student meets all the qualifications they are still turned down due to the fact that they are unable to pay the cost that is needed for college. Students unable to meet federal guidelines in order to receive financial aid also may not qualify for income based scholarships. In America the cost of living and tuition has increased while the average household incomeShow MoreRelatedShould College Be Free College?848 Words   |  4 Pages Free College Why are not more people going to college? One obvious answer would be cost, especially the cost of tuition. But the problem is not just that college is expensive. It is also that going to college is complicated. Free college is not just about cultural and social, neither economic. It means navigating advanced courses, standardized tests, and forms. It means figuring out implicit rules-rules that can change. College graduates have higher employment ratesRead MoreShould College Be Free? Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesShould college be free? A current universal problem poses this question. In today’s world, full of public education standards that hold students maybe too high and in a generation bogged down by student debt, this issue qualifies as a problem more than many are maybe even willing to admit. While the prospect of free college proposes excellent ideals such as a stronger and smarter generation, no student loan problems, and a higher educated society, the truth may a ctually lie in the reality thatRead MoreShould College Be Free College?1614 Words   |  7 Pagescandidates because of his belief that tuition and cost of living at public colleges and universities should be free. Free college has become one of the most talked about policy proposals on the campaign trail, but questions surround the policy, such as how it would work, how much it would cost and how it would affect students (Rhatican). Most colleges bundle their prices in terms of tuition and fees. In 1995, tuition for private colleges was around 14k, for Public out of state it was around 7k and for publicRead MoreShould College Be Free College?1688 Words   |  7 Pagesto cover the costs? Free college is now brought up as a debate whether or not students should receive free college tuition while attending college. Some individuals would like this idea, but I am definite the taxpayers would not like it or support it. If the government cannot afford what they are in debt with now, I am quiet uncertain how adding free college would help the debt go down. I am sure that the government would find some way to get their money back from allowing free tuition, or twice theRead MoreCollege Should Not Be Free876 Words   |  4 Pagesmake public college tuition free. A recent movement to federally mandate college funding has struck the interest of the lower, impoverished members of society. However, if college tuition were free it would be unfair, unregulated, and cost-ineffective in the long run. What does free really mean? Does it include just tuition, or room, board and books? Also, would it be completely free? Someone has to pay something somewhere down the line. There is no way to make college completely free. It would beRead MoreShould Colleges Be Free? Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesShould colleges be free in America? It is a question that is more relevant today than ever before. As education is one key factor that determines the nation’s fate going forward, this question is worth debating. Making free college education may sound good theoretically but requires herculean efforts to make it practically possible. The main question is whether such program be effective in the long run or not? If, yes how long will the government able to support these costs and from where? Are tuitionRead MoreShould College Be Free?893 Words   |  4 Pagesor not college should be free. Images of students rallying and protesting can be often seen in the news. They are in favor of making college free. I disagree and feel that college should not be free. People would be more likely to fail because there would be no financial consequence, the financial burden would be passed on to taxpayers who wouldn’t even benefit from it, and it would not be fair to those who work hard through earning scholarships and serving in the military. College should not beRead MoreShould College Be Free844 Words   |  4 PagesShould college be free? Posted on  May 8, 2011  by  writefix Should college education be free, or should university students be required to pay tuition fees? Some countries have free education from kindergarten to university, while  students in other countries have to pay  at every step of the way.  This essay will look at some of the reasons for this difference  at university level. Free third level education has several advantages. First of all,  everyone can attend, so the gap between rich and poorRead MoreShould College Be Free?1907 Words   |  8 PagesShould College Be â€Å"Free† in America? As many young millennials rally behind Bernie Sanders and his outlandish claims of free public college for all, others sigh and shake their heads in disapproval. Are these college students really entitled to free higher education? Is it every American’s unalienable right to have a college education? Despite the recent push for free college in the United States, the economic burden and drop in personal responsibility it would create proves that colleges shouldRead MoreShould College Be Free?1916 Words   |  8 Pagesthroats since elementary, I am planning to attend college. My sisters and I being the first generation in our family to attend college, everything is a little scarier. Nothing scared me more than seeing the cost of the tuition. My parents dropped out of college after one year because they didn’t put the work in to get scholarships, and tuition was too much. My oldest sister is in her third year of college and is already planning to come out of college w ith $70,000 debt, because she is in a private school

Arnold Palmer Hospital free essay sample

1. 0 INTRODUCTION Arnold Palmer Hospital is one of the largest hospitals for women and children in the U. S which founded in 1989. Arnold Palmer Hospital was ranked one of the nation’s Top 30 pediatric hospitals for heart care and heart surgery by U. S. News World Report, in their 2008 edition of America’s Best Children’s Hospitals. Arnold Palmer Hospital is the only hospital in the central area with an emergency/trauma department dedicated to pediatric patients. The hospital’s Congenital Heart Institute (CHI), created by a partnership with Miami Children’s Hospital, is well-known for its pediatric cardiovascular services. The Congenital Heart Institute combines a select group of cardiologists, cardiac anesthesiologists, cardiovascular, physicians, nurses,intensivists and technicians to diagnosis and offer treatment to infants and children with heart disease or congenital heart disorders. The CHI is the only pediatric cardiology center to offer real time web-based surgical outcome data. From its opening in 1989 to 2006, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children was known as Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children Women. We will write a custom essay sample on Arnold Palmer Hospital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the opening of Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women Babies, in all women’s services, including delivery were moved to Winnie Palmer Hospital. Arnold Palmer Hospital became a children’s hospital focused solely on specialty and subspecialty healthcare for children. The purpose of this assignment is to carry out a case study on Arnold Palmer Hospital Based on the information I search in my assignment. The top management of Arnold Palmer Hospital’s must critically evaluate, develop and justify approach towards enhancing the quality of services, processes and supply chain at Arnold Palmer Hospital. To evaluate the transformations required to enhance Arnold Palmer Hospital’s philosophy of 100% patient satisfaction. Arnold Palmer Hospital free essay sample Arnold Palmer Hospital was founded in 1989. It is one of the largest hospitals for women and children in U. S. , with 431 beds in two facilities totaling 676,000 square feet. Located in downtown Orlando, Florida, and named after its famed golf benefactor, the hospital with more than 2000 employees serves an 18-country area in central Florida and is the only Level 1 trauma centre for children in that region. Arnold Palmer Hospital provides a broad range of medical services including neonatal and paediatric intensive care, paediatric oncology and cardiology, care for high-risk pregnancies, and maternal intensive care. Arnold Palmer Hospital had been a long-time member of a large buying group, one servicing 900 members. But the group did have a few limitations. For example, it might change suppliers for a particular product every year (based on a new lower-cost bidder) or stock only a product that was not familiar to the physicians at Arnold Palmer Hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Arnold Palmer Hospital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The buying group was also not able to negotiate contracts with local manufacturers to secure buying pricing. Effective supply chain management in manufacturing often focuses on development of new product innovations and efficiency through buyer-vendor collaboration. However, the approach in a service industry has a slightly different emphasis. At Arnold Palmer Hospital, supply chain opportunities often manifest themselves through the Medical Economic Outcomes Committee. This Committee (and its subcommittees) consists of users (including the medical and nursing staff) who evaluate purchase options with a goal of better medicine while achieving economic targets.

The Man Of A Million Faces Essays - English-language Films

The Man Of A Million Faces ?The Man of a Million Faces? Jim Carrey is a man who excels at the field of comedy and acting. The reason that he excels is that he is very down to earth, his personality personifies how a lot of teenagers act and feel today, and he is extremely popular. James Eugene Carrey seems to be one of the most down to earth people that you will ever see on television. Whether it is on the Tonight Show or Entertainment Tonight, Jim can turn any dull moment into something comedic. When I was recently reading about him I found out that although he is a superstar he enjoys many of the same things that us ?regular people? like. For example Jim's favorite kind of food is sandwiches, chips, and a little bowl of ice cream for dessert. He really is not in to the whole glamorous celebrity thing. He enjoys the simple things in life. I also learned that Jim loves cartoons and his favorite character is Deputy Dog. Jim also wears something that a lot of men and women wear, Fruit of the Loom underwear. According to my reading they are the undergarments of choice for a lot of celebrities. Finally, and I think this is more than anyone needs to know, Jim prefers Charmin toilet paper. I do not know why anyone would really care about this but it was listed as a fact about him. Another reason that he is so good at what he does is that he acts just like the kids that are watching his movies. After a Jim Carrey movie is released I suggest that you listen to a few conversations among teenagers. You are almost assured the latest Jim Carrey quote, and you can be sure that an impersonation is not far behind. There is just something about what he says that sticks in teenagers' minds. Something else that sets Jim apart from all the rest is his uncanny way of making faces. Sometimes you have to wonder if his jaw is dislocated. He can do things with his mouth no other human can accomplish. It is unbelievable. I think that the biggest reason that he is so well liked is his performance in ?Ace Ventura; Pet Detective?. He did something that a lot of teenagers and adults wish they could do. He talked to his bus through his ?behind?. Most employees feel like doing that at least once a week, if not more. The last reason that he excels is the demand to have him in movies and to appear at your function, whatever it may be. For example recently he appeared on the MTV Video Music Awards. Jim has nothing to do with music, but is name alone as a headliner could have been the cause of the huge crowd. His presence in a movie can literally make or break it. He has starred in the blockbusters, Ace Ventura, Dumb and Dumber, The Truman Show, Man on the Moon, and the upcoming How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Since 1982 Carrey has starred in 20 movies and numerous television shows. He also has won and been nominated for many awards. So as you can see Jim Carrey is a very good actor and comedian. He is in high demand and is loved by many.

Metaphysics by Heidegger essays

Metaphysics by Heidegger essays Humans existing in the world affects the world in some way and creates a certain reality or truth. Therefore, nothing is built into being. Nothing is a byproduct of negation. Negation is a product of our minds and cant be the subject of scientific reasoning. Totality is anything that is before you in the world as an option. When you are bored you negate the totality. Boredom is the intentionality of the directedness of the subject and object. Boredom is an emotion and emotions are a state of our world. The world is given to us with emotions. It is through these moods that Dasein can find reality. Moods such as joy, boredom, and anxiety bring us closer and into the gap between ourselves and reality. Boredom is much like anxiety. These states of being reject the totality and are found in nihilation, the gap between Dasein and its world. It is through nihilation that Dasein is brought before being as such. It is here that we can transcend and become a being beyond beings. It is here Dasein confronts the nothing, the condition of being revealing itself. It is in this state that a revelation can occur to Dasein. Dasein realizes that we are absorbed with particular beings, nothingness is what connects us to the world, and that when we are absorbed with particular beings we do not see reality. When we experience boredom, anxiety, love, etc. we are brought into another realm (we transcend) a different level of thought. We must deal with this normally be reabsorption. We can see beings inside being and we realize why the world exists. The world only takes form, because Dasein exists. ...

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Reflection - Essay Example Though simple but it is an interesting calculation that gives a fair idea of my performance in the class whether I stand below or above average. The term ‘average’ has its own limitation to inform the correct information. That is where median comes to rescue. Per capita average income of a population is good first hand information; however, it is a median income that gives more precise information about half of the population that is below or above certain income levels. While per capita income misguides about the country’s poverty spread, the income distribution data flashes more clarity giving an insight which state, race, gender, or community needs more state help to reduce the prevailing disparity in incomes. Statistics can be applied to extensive uses in the modern times. Businesses forecast their sales and profit figures using regression models based on the past data. Investigative agencies nab the criminals based on the past statistical data of crime or pattern in the specific area. Drug companies estimate success rate of their newly derived flu shots for its effectiveness from the carefully chosen sampling data across the population of the

MGT230. Leadership and Organization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT230. Leadership and Organization - Coursework Example Transformational leaders involve their followers with a common of achieving great returns (Bertocci, 2009). They create the realization of the importance of specific outcomes and new approaches in which they can achieve those outcomes. Transformational leaders are grounded in ethical foundations, and it converts followers into leaders while leaders transform into moral agents (Day, 2014). Leaders can be classified as either transactional or transformational depending on how they relate to their followers to achieve the organizational goals (Nongard, 2014). Whether political or business leaders their traits inherent in each leader and as such they influence the outcome of the organization and the relationship between the leaders and their followers (Daft, 2009). This document examines the outstanding leadership qualities of the former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. President John F. Kennedy had an ability to handle problems that could not be perceived by any other person. He was determined and dedicated to his work as the president of the United States (Bass & Riggio, 2006). He formed a team of followers and delegated tasks the followers that resulted in team performance instead of individual achievement. Furthermore, he created a culture of open communication by breaking the barrier of traditional bureaucracy by encouraging open communication where people would be free to share with one another irrespective of their background (Bass & Riggio, 2006). He had diverse personality and talent. He respected everyone irrespective of their positions and had acute judgment of the people who would fit in particular positions and nurtured their talents in order to make them more productive in the society. Therefore, one can argue that President John F. Kennedy was more of a transformational leader than transactional leader (Bass & Riggio, 2006).

Comparative Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Comparative Public Administration Essay Comparative Public Administration: Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique. ________________________________________________________________________ Click on JOIN THIS SITE to get instant updates on new posts on this blog. And also for INTERACTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS regarding this blogs posts JOIN ITS FACEBOOK COMMUNITY/GROUP that is mentioned on the right hand side of this page. ________________________________________________________________________ COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEFINITION: Comparative public administration is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries. Another definition for comparative public administration is the quest for patterns and regularities in administrative action and behavior. It looks to test the effectiveness of the Classical Theorists (Fayol,Taylor,Urwick,etc) Principles of Administration effectiveness on a universal level(different political and administrative setups in developing and developed countries and their ecology) as well as develop a comparative theory of Public Administration. It is a very significant area of study in Public Administration as it helps in understanding Administrative setups and their functioning in various settings and societies/countries and what works and why it works. Also,it helps improvise administrative systems making them more efficient together with helping in adding and improvising the already existing literature/theories of Public Administration thus leading to a strong and practical theory of the subject with the help of practical experiments and analysis. COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EVOLUTION A BACKDROP: Even though comparative studies in administration date back to Aristotlian times where he sent scholars to different parts of world to study their political systems,Comparative Public Administration started off as a topic of interest post the Wilson(called the 1st comparativist) essay in 1884  where he very rightly stated that in order to know our own countrys administrative weaknesses and virtues we need to compare with others. And,he stated that administration is the best and most safe prospect of comparative studies as administrative techniques and procedures are similar almost everywhere and in fact we can learn a lot by comparing. However,it was not taken so seriously due to the the emphasis on conceptualising and structuring as well as defining Public Administration at that time was the top priority. The theorists and administrators as well as governments were busy understanding their own administrative setup before they could set off on a comparison with others. So, while this was being contemplated the First World War erupted and with its end and the establishment of the League Of Nations there came about a lot of questions regarding the need to understand the needs of the countries who were not so developed because many of them came under the British colonialism as well as other imperialist countries in order to control these and draw maximum benefit. This comparative study took a philosophical turn during the course of the second world war and its aftermath when there came the end of imperialism and colonialism and emergence of many independent states, a joint initiative by the developed countries under the United Nations(formerly called The League Of Nations) aegis to refurbish the developing an third world countries as well as to develop their own war damaged national economies. And lets not forget the beginning of Cold War between the two superpowers USA and Soviet Union which played a big part in this movement where both looked to hegemonise the world politics and economy. USA took the lead here in administrative studies and also in providing financial as well as technical help to the developing nations in order to increase their market share and also to curb communism that was a product of the Soviet Union. The USA was the hub of these studies since the Western countries lacked the institutional and administrative capacities to implement their development  plans post world war 2.the government,United Nations and various private institutions as well as corporates sponsored varied technical assistance programmes that enabled the public administrators,lecturers of public administration and professionals to study the same in depth as well as travel abroad and gather hands on experience and build a universal comparative theory of Public Administration. Notable in these efforts were that of the American Society For Public Administration(ASPA) American Political Science Association( APSA). The first organisation formally formed to formulate a universal comparative theory of public administration was the Comparative Administration Group(CAG) in 1960 that was a division of the ASPA , funded by the Ford foundation to study methods for improving public administration in developing countries under the chairmanship of Fred W. Riggs. More than providing administrative techniques this group became a forum for intellectuals to understand why the developing countries differ so much in practise of administration and are not able to sustain the classical theory principles of administration in their systems even though Classical theorists of administration like Fayol Weber , etc preached that their principles and models of administration were universal in their element and can be applied anywhere with greatest success. CAG gave the idea of scientific studies and emphasised on empirical and ecological(social,cultural and historical factors) study of various administrative systems. Even though the CAG had to shut shop in the early 70s since various administrators and academicians realised that due to the highly complex setting which the group had provided for comparative Public Administration studies was resulting in failures in providing really empirical assessment of administration factors in a society. They stated that it provided a very good direction but the techniques were not being specified to execute the idea. And so the studies was transferred back to the Department of Comparative Studies. Also in 1968, the first Minnowbrook Conference was held under the chairmanship of Dwight Waldo that also talked about the need for Comparative Public Administration study and analysis. Now we will discuss in detail. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: 1) Ideal or Bureaucratic Approach: Bureaucratic specifications are studied for reaching conclusions and developing understanding. Under this approach structures of organisations are analysed in terms of their horizontal differentiation,vertical differentiation,span of control,etc. Procedures and rules are analysed and the framework of functioning is determined. Job specifications and descriptions at various nodes are analysed and some understanding is reached on the basis of elaborateness and degree of specialisation compared in regards to different administrative systems. The limitations of this approach is that though it has been considered simple but it does not explain the structures and their functions in society and gives a very general observation. 2) Structural Functional Approach : It is considered as a very popular approach for comparing various administrative systems and was implemented by Fred W. Riggs in his study for developing his Models of society/environment/ecology which will be discussed later in this article. This approach analyses society in terms of its various structures and their functions for reaching an understanding regarding their positioning and functioning. Structures here can refer to govt.(political arrangement) and abstract like values systems in society. Function is seen as the discharge of duties by these structures in the society. The limitation of this approach is that there has to be a correct identification of the structures before proceeding to analyse them especially in agraria-transitia and fused-prismatic societies. 3) Ecological Approach: Devised by Riggs this approach states that structures and their functions exist in an inter dependant manner. So if a study is to be undertaken of a particular structure and its function then its effects on other systems and their functions of society are also to be analysed. Limitations is that this approach is highly complex and difficult to apply. HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS: If one notices carefully then it is clearly evident that historical events have led to the invention of many administrative practises. Though there are aplenty,however,some examples are cited below. 1) English Administrative system: England does not possess a written constitution mainly because it was a monarchy prevailing there and the people lived there through conventions and traditions going on from time immemorial. 2) Indian Administrative system: Reservations are made as Indian society is very diverse in matters of social as well as economic status,etc after a lot of historical events like B.R a\Ambedkar and his policies as well as the British division of Hindu and Muslims and other minorities in separate electorate system,etc. There are various social laws in India that are made from society like panchayats,etc. Tribal welfare is given special attention in India due to existence of tribals in the society. Many offices(bureaucratic,political,economical,etc) are remnants of British legacy like the office of the collector,police dept,civil services,etc. Revenue administration here is a modern version inspired by historic Mughal ones. 3) USA Administrative system: Many historical and sociological factors have also shaped the American system. A few of them cited are the Civil war that lead to providing African American slaves were given the title of citizens and right to vote. Also the second civil rights movement that occurred under the aegis of Martin Luther King Jr. leading to elimination of segregation and racial discrimination between black and white Americans. 4) France Administrative system: Arrangement of Droit Administration could be seen associated with the approach and functioning of Napoleon Bonaparte who set the table for a centralised administration as an efficient administration.The storming of Bastille incident which was fuelled by economic crisis lead to the overthrow of monarchy there to republican system and led to the establishment of Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen that lead to the first step of Frances constitution framing. ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: 1) USA: The USA have a federal republican form of government where President is the national as well as executive head. There is a separate constitution(which bears allegiance to the federal constitution of 1787) as well as citizenship for every state and they are all bound together in a federation,thus all working as a whole with their autonomy intact. The Constitution of US specifies the subjects listed for the national/federal and the ones reserved for the States and also the residuary powers lie with the states only.There are three level of governments national or federal,state and local(counties,townships,cities,etc). Separation of powers between the legislature,executive and judiciary is an important aspect. The Senate (Upper House) and House of Representatives(Lower house) comprise the congress/legislature of the country. There is no specificity in the constitution regarding the administrative system but it does state that the President can from time to time as and when necessary get advise from the principal officers of the various departments regarding his duty as the chief executive of those departments. There are thirteen departments in the administration that come under the direct control of the president. The President however does not possess the authority to change/reorder his cabinet as that power lies with the Congress. Civil services in USA are also done on merit through competitive exams and also at times there are some political appointees too who are chosen by the president for their extraordinary achievement in a particular field suitable to the job. Some departments are headed by individuals whereas some are headed by Boards and Commissions. 2) UK: It is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy. In practise it is a Parliamentary democracy. The Monarch is the head and performs functions akin to the President of India. Legislature is supreme and is bicameral viz. House of Lords(upper house) and House of Commons(lower house). Executive is headed by the political executive that is the Prime Minister and his cabinet that consist of ministries staffed by civil servants under ministers. Boards and commissions are formed to operate and regulate various industries and  services. Judiciary is independent.The House of Lords is the highest court of appeal for civil cases and some criminal cases. The Senior Courts of England and Wales were originally created by the Judicature Acts as the Supreme Court of Judicature. It was renamed the Supreme Court of England and Wales in 1981, and again to the Senior Courts of England and Wales by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. It consists of the following courts: * Court of Appeal- Deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions: the Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court and County Court and certain superior tribunals, while the Criminal Division may only hear appeals from the Crown Court connected with a trial on indictment (i.e., for a serious offence). Its decisions are binding on all courts, including itself, apart from the Supreme Court. * High Court of Justice The High Court of Justice functions, both as a civil court of first instance and a criminal and civil appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. It consists of three divisions: the Queens Bench, the Chancery and the Family divisions. The divisions of the High Court are not separate courts, but have somewhat separate procedures and practises adapted to their purposes. Although particular kinds of cases will be assigned to each division depending on their subject matter, each division may exercise the jurisdiction of the High Court. However, beginning proceedings in the wrong division may result in a costs penalty. * Crown Court- is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction which in addition handles a limited amount of civil business both at first instance and on appeal.The Crown Court is the only court in England and Wales that has the jurisdiction to try cases on indictment and when exercising such a role it is a superior court in that its judgements cannot be reviewed by the Administrative Court of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court. The Crown Court is an inferior court in respect of the other work it undertakes, viz. inter alia, appeals from the Magistrates’ courts and other tribunals. The Lord Chancellor and Home Secy administrate the judicial system. Civil servants are recruited through merit via open competitive exams. 3) FRANCE: It is a mixture of Republican as well as Parliamentary form of  govt. President is the Chief executive and enjoys tremendous powers in the legislature as well as Parliament. Here the President is directly elected by the people.The Prime Minister is then chosen and appointed as per the Presidents wish from the Parliament.The Prime Minister has to enjoy the confidence of both the President and the Parliament in order to sustain his position. Executive is separated from legislature and thus the President is not able to influence the executive much but still indirectly the PM has to go by him to enjoy his confidence because most of the times,the parliament and the president are from the same party. Civil services are of two types External recruitment and internal recruitment where external recruitment is done through open competitive exams for graduates under 27 years of age and the internal recruitment is for people from the lower echelons of service having at least five years of service and not more than 36 years old. They are then chosen and trained at the Ecole Nationale Administration for two years. 4) JAPAN: The Constitution of Japan rests on three principles a) sovereignty of people , b) guarantee of Fundamental Rights, c) renunciation of war.The Emperor performs the role akin to Indian president. The Japanese people elect their representatives to the Japanese Parliament called Diet which is bicameral that is, House of Councillors and the House Of Representatives. Both Houses share equal powers but the house of representatives has superiority in matters of finance. The prime minister is appointed by the prime minister from the Diet who heads the executive and also the Emperor appoints the chief judge of the supreme court. Grants are to be passed by the Diet and then only it is given to the executive. Local govt possess autonomy in its matters. People posses the right to choose their public officials as well as remove them. Civil services are of two types here a) Special govt service includes members of cabinet approved by the Diet like positions of high officials in Imperial Court,Judges,Ambassadors and Ministers,Diet employees,common labourers and employees of state corporations. b) Includes personnel of National govt.,administrative as well as clerical except the Special govt. services ones. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND REPUBLIC: Democracy and Republic are two forms of government which are distinguished by their treatment of the Minority, and the Individual, by the Majority. In a Democracy, the Majority has unlimited power over the Minority. This system of government does not provide a legal safeguard of the rights of the Individual and the Minority. It has been referred to as Majority over Man. In a Republic, the Majority is Limited and constrained by a written Constitution which protects the rights of the Individual and the Minority. The purpose of a Republic form of government is to control the Majority and to protect the God-given, inalienable rights and liberty of the Individual. The United States of America is founded as a Republic under the Constitution. The Ministers head Ministries with directors under them to carry out execution and also to advise the Minister. CURRENT STATUS OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: After the decline of the comparative administration group (CAG) in the early 1970s,there was a lull in this field due to many factors like theoretical and fact based study was only done and so there was problem in the applicability of those models and USA was going through a bad phase in the Vietnamese war and so funds had to be diverted,etc. However, it got a boost once again when scholars like Robert Dahl,James Cloeman,Rapheli,Dwight Waldo etc propagated it and stated that without comparison there can never be a science of administration. Also the behavioural school of thought was bringing in a lot of attention to the fact and value theories of administrative man and so comparative public administration saw a resurgence. In the 80s and 90s studies in CPA resurfaced but with a new objective,philosophy and orientation than its previous predecessors and counterparts. It started to study various arrangements like RTI,Rule of Law,good governance,etc in different countries. It has recently started focusing itself on the analysis of such operations of administrative systems which affect functioning of various societies. The following could be seen as the recent trends in the studies of Comparative Public Administration: 1) Studying the status of human rights in the nations of the problems associated with human rights. 2) Studying the status of Rule of Law and analysing the barriers if any. 3) Studying the presence of Civil Society Institutions and their role and contribution in the administrative arrangements of societies. 4) Studying the level of participation and involvement in the implementation of schemes related to welfare of people. 5) Studying the presence of arrangements through which accountability of politicians and administrators could be ensured towards the public through the mechanisms prescribed and available like RTI,Citizens charters,Ombudsman,Social Audit,etc. ECOLOGY AND ADMINISTRATION: Ecology in simple words relates to Environment. And this environment includes physical,social and cultural aspects. So, basically we are going to talk about the relationship between administration and the environment it is set in(internal as well as external) and how the affect each other. Environment is the largest system,the rest and others like political systems,administrative systems,etc are all sub systems who work under it. It influences its sub systems and vice versa. They both have to adjust to each other and also reform and change each other from time to time to stay up to date where the peoples wishes drive the policies and the policies bring in development that uplifts the socio-economic status and level of the environment for progress. So they are interdependent and not mutually exclusive of each other. Administration is seen as one of the most significant aspect of any societal arrangement as it makes possible the achievement of governmental function fulfilment. It has been observed that administration of any state happens to be an expression of various unique factors existing in society and is inter  dependant over other arrangements in the society that provides the stability of all structure in a society. Various scholars like George Orwell in their writings like Shooting an Elephant books have given case studies of how they have seen practically that the administrative systems in different parts of the world perform differently in order to suit the environment or ecology they are set in. The ecological approach to Public Administration was first propagated popularly by Fred W. Riggs who studied administrative systems in different countries( emphasis on developing countries) and why there was a vast amount of disconnect among them while applying the Americanised theories of Public Administration and how they coped up. He found that the main reason for this uniqueness of administrative systems in the world is the environment that they are set in. Each country had a different environment setting and that played a major role in the shaping of the administrative system because without the help and approval of its people an administrative system cannot survive and thus it acts according to its environment and in turn it also influences the society with its work and procedures. Max Weber projected an ideal system of bureaucracy where bureaucracy was shown as a closed system unaffected by the environment. A system which Weber assumed would be applicable and successful in all countries irrespective of its socio economic status and thats where he went wrong because we can very well see that the systems in USA and UK etc cannot be applied in an environment of India or any other developing countries. Weber did provide a very good structure for the organisation of bureaucracy but the part which he missed as cited above was the starting ground for Riggs when he began his research on the relationship between ecology and administration. Ecology/Environment affects the administrative system both internally as well as externally. Internally it affects when we take note that in actuality the administrator is a man of society and thus when he is taking an administrative decision,he will definitely be influenced by his values,societal and cultural attitude,etc to quite an extent and that needs to be taken into account. Externally also the ecology/environment affects the administrative organisation by means of social values and rules,culture of the society,dependence on other important subsystems prevalent in the society,etc where the administration and politics have to be in context of the peoples wishes and demands and if they go against it will face a possibility of overthrow and revolt anytime. Therefore,one can very conveniently understand from the above mentioned,the delicate and crucial relationship between Ecology and Administration. RIGGSIAN MODELS AND THEIR CRITIQUE: Riggs is considered the pioneer in the field of Ecological Approach to Public Administration. He stated that if studies of Public Administration had to become really comparative then it has to shift from being Normative(Establishing, relating to, or deriving from a standard or norm, esp. of behavior) to empirical (Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic), from Ideographic(case by case study and not related to one another) to nomothetic(relating to the study or discovery of general scientific laws) and from non ecological(closed and confined to one area) to ecological(open and cross cultural). He blamed the import of developed countries administrative practices as it is by the developing countries for their progress without any study as the reason for its failure and the reason for developing countries still lagging behind. In his ecological studies he gave the concept of structural functional approach as a means to study the environment and administration relation. According to this approach every society has various structures that perform specific functions like political,economic,social,symbolic and communicational functions in the society. On the basis of this approach he proceeded to study and listed two theoretical models to explain the administrative systems in the comparative context. Those models are: a) AGRARIA MODEL: It is the Agricultural society and the characteristics are functional diffusion,particularistic norms,self sufficiency,ascriptive(The attribution of something to a cause) values,stable local groups and limited or no mobility,differentiated stratification. Agraria is agriculture dominated society and Riggs takes China at the time for instance Imperial China. In Agrarian primordial preferences like caste and given priority. Occupational pattern is fixed that is Agriculture and carries on for many generations. Very few administrative structures and their functions/duties were not at all specified. b) TRANSITIA MODEL : It is the in between society. It is in between or lets use the term in transition between the Agraria and Industria society and bears features resembling to both. It is on the path to become a developed society from an agricultural society. Examples are India,Thailand,etc. c) INDUSTRIA MODEL: It refers to a developed or Industry dominated society. Its characteristics are Universalistic norms,Achievement values,specific patterns,high degree of social and spatial mobility,well-developed occupational system,egalitarian class system,prevalence of associations which are functionally specific and non ascriptive. USA is an example of this society. LIMITATIONS AND CRITIQUE OF RIGGS AGRARIA-TRANSITIA-INDUSTRIA MODEL: 1) It does not help in examining the transitional societies and is too rigid focusing only on the underdeveloped and developed countries. 2) It does not provide sufficient mechanism to study mixed-type societies. Critics argue that the industrial societies will always retain or have some agrarian features. 3) It assumes a unidirectional movement from an agraria stage to an industria stage. 4) Its major stress is on the environment of the administrative system but not on the administrative system per se. 5) It is too general and abstract with little resemblance to concrete reality. Consequently Riggs abandoned this typology and proceeded to better it and that resulted in a new typology/model he designed which was the Fused-Prismatic-Diffracted Model. RIGGS IMPROVISED TYPOLOGY : FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODEL: It is the more improvised and specified version of his previous typology where the Fused society can be compared to the agrarian model,the prismatic society can be compared to the Transitia model and the Diffracted society can be compared to the Industria model. This Model was designed to silence those critics who stated that Riggs had not effectively and in detail specified the Transitia society which was very important as most of the world in in that phase. This model effectively detailed all of the typologies.The new model is based on the principle of a prism and how it diffracts fused colours of white light back into the seven colours of the spectrum when passed through it. White light represents a society with very less degree of specialisation and development and the diffracted spectrum reflects the highly specialised and developed society. The in between prismatic society is the transition society. He stated that neither of the extreme sides exist in totality or as it is but yes,it is certain that they do but in varying degrees as suitable to the environment/ecology. First we will discuss the Fused and Diffracted model and then proceed to explain the Prismatic model. A good understanding of the Fused and Diffracted Model will only be the tool to understand the Prismatic Model features. FUSED MODEL(Ex- Imperial China and Thailand): 1) Heavily dependent on agriculture. 2) Economic system based on barter system. 3) King and officials nominated by the king carry out all administrative,economic and other activities. 4) Royal family and special sects dominate. 5) Ascriptive values dominate. 6) Having many administrative structures that are part diffracted(perform special functions they are given charge of) and part fused ( many structures performing many functions which are not prescribed to them thus overlapping with the diffracted ones and confusing the system). DIFFRACTED MODEL: 1) It is the polar opposite of the fused society. Each structure carries out its own functions. 2) Attainment value in society. 3) Economic system based on market mechanism(demand and supply) 4) Responsive government 5) General consensus among all the people on all basic aspects of social life. PRISMATIC MODEL(Example India,Thailand,etc): 1) In real no society is completely fused or completely diffracted. A prismatic society has achieved a certain degree of differentiation or specialisation. 2) Heterogeneity Simultaneous existence of different kinds of system and viewpoints. Example rural-urban,Indian gurukuls western education,homoeopathic-allopathic. Various factors pulling the system apart. Political and administrative officers enjoy enormous influence. Privileges for select groups which may be communal thus creating problem in administration. 3) Formalism(Excessive adherence to prescribed forms) Discrepancy between formally prescribed and effectively practiced norms. Rules and regulations are prescribed but wide deviations are observed. Lack of pressure on govt. for programme objectives. Weakness of social powers to influence bureaucratic performance. Hypocrisy in social life. Constitution formalism which means that there is a gap between stated principles and actual implementation. 4) Overlapping Differentiated structures coexist with undifferentiated structures of Fused type. New or modern social structures are created,but traditional social structures continue to dominate. Example Parliament,Govt,Offices exist but behaviour is still largely governed by family,religion,caste,etc. SUB-SYSTEMS OF THE PRISMATIC MODEL: 1) Administrative subsystem which is called the SALA MODEL (The Spanish word, Sala, has a variety of meanings like a government office, religious conference, a room, a pavilion, etc. The word, Sala, is also generally used in East Asian countries more or less with the same meaning.): a) Certain features of bureau ( diffracted ) coexists with certain features of chambers ( fused ). Formalism exists:1.a. Universalizaiton of law is there but is not followed. 1.b. Objective is social welfare but priority is personal aggrandizement. b) Overlapping exists:Highly concentrated authority structure overlaps with localized and dispersed control system. c) Non cooperation among rival communities also reflects in administration. So favouritism and nepotism is widespread d) Existence of clects – The dominant group who use modernmethods of organization but retains diffuse and particularistic goal of traditional type. e) For promotion officers depend on ascriptive ties . Officers unresponsive to people . Unbalanced polity in which bureaucracy dominates exists. f) Nepotism, corruption and inefficiency. 2) Economic subsystem which is also called the BAZAAR CANTEEN MODEL: a) Market factors ( demand and supply ) as well as area factors ( religious, social, family) dominates the economy. b) This leads to price indeterminacy further deteriorating economic conditions encouraging black marketing, hoarding,adulteration etc. c) Foreign domination and a small section of people dominate economic institution. d) Price of services vary from place to place, time to time and person to person. e) Economic subsystem acts like subsidized canteen to priviledged tributary canteen to members of less priviledged, politically non influential or members of outside group. f) Wage relation: Wide gap exists for same work. Persons with less wage may feel motivated to earn more by illegitimate means. DEVELOPMENT MODEL: Rising level of diffraction represents development. Higher the level of differentiation ( various structures for various functions ) and integration (coexistence of these structures ),higher the development. If differentiation is high but no sufficient integrative mechanism , it leads to confusion and chaos. Differentiation depends upon technological factors.Integration depends upon: 1.a. Penetration – receptivity of law and  govt. willingness and ability. 1.b. Participation willingness of people to participate. CRITICISM OF RIGGS FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODEL: 1) Usage of scientific words does not make administration science. 2) It has highly technical description 3) Prismatic and sala models are equilibrium models and does not lead to social change. 4) Lack of measurement of level of diffraction in prismatic or diffracted society. 5) Diffracted society is also not desirable because it is static and in equilibrium. 6) Difficult to identify the level of differentiation and integration for development. 7) Lack of international perspective. 8)Wrong analytical tool. 9) Fails to explain the role of administration in society. 10) Overlapping is not specific phenomena of prismatic society but exists in diffracted society also. 11) Prismatic model has a negative character. Irrespective of the criticism Riggs attracted there is no denying that he set the table and standards for Comparative Public Administration and got to the root of the failure of Americanised and Europised Public Administration practices failing in developing countries, through his important paradigm called The Ecological approach to Public Administration,and also suggested the issues that plague the developing countries and how to rectify them.

A Night at Grandma’s :: Personal Narrative Writing

A Night at Grandma’s When I stand in the foyer, taking off my coat, I realize just how small the place is. The narrow space is barely wide enough to open the closet door when there is more than one person standing there. The wire hangers rustle as I pick one to hang my coat on. My shoes make a whiffing noise as I wipe them on the carpet, and they squeak on the tiled floor. After I take them off, I stand up and look at the myriad of pictures hanging on the wall. I know all the people in them, but they seem like strangers because we are so young. The really old ones are yellowing around the edges and it is obvious that my grandfather took some of them because they are badly focused. My favorites are the ones that were taken when my cousins and I were young. I especially love the one of my dad without his moustache. I always try to picture what he would look like today if he shaved it off. The immaculate white carpet. It is so white, it looks brand new even though it is twelve years old. It feels plushy, warm and soft under my feet. I go into the kitchen, and suddenly the floor changes. The floor is no longer soft and plushy carpet, it is hard and cold and my stocking feet slide easily as if I were on ice skates. The kitchen is so small it can barely accommodate all three of us at the same time. I sit in the rickety metal chair with the white pleather seat and pull-down step. The chair squeals with my every movement. I rest my elbows on the cold formica countertops as I talk to my grandma and grandpa. The sharp corner jabs into my side, and I quickly recoil. On the stove, there are a couple of pots. The flames beneath them dance, showing off vibrant yellow and orange, while they warm the pots and their contents. Water hisses and spits from the pot on the back burner letting everyone know that it has come to a boil. The ceramic dishes scrape against one another as I pull them from them from the cabinet.

Good Manners & Decorum Essay

The phrase â€Å"good manners† encompasses many things. It includes: -gentleness, modesty, and dignity -it neatness and correctness of dress in the home and in society -it is saying the right word at the proper time and proper place -it includes several form and kindness like hospitality and tolerance Decorum is propriety and good taste in speech, dress, etc. Manner in the Family The Filipino family is a close-knit. However, even through the family maybe close-knit, each member is entitled to his full share of privacy. 1. Parents violate their children’s privacy by opening letter addressed their children. Young people also violate their parent’s privacy when they rummage through personal belongings in search of shoes, jewelry, neckties, cuff links, or other articles they wish to use. 2. Every member of the family should have the privilege of entertaining his or her friends with a minimum of interference from the nest of the family unless the occasion is a family affair. 3. Knock and wait for an answer or for a door to be opened before entering. 4. Reply courteously to your parents or to older members. 5. Use the magic words â€Å"excuse me†, â€Å"sorry† and â€Å"please† as the need arises. 6. Never open your parents’ drawers or bags without permission. 7. Never use others’ personal belongings, for the sake of personal hygiene. 8. Het your parents or at least a family know when you have to leave. 9. Avoid interrupting a conversation. 10. Never shout when something’s discussed. 11. When you get up from the bed, leave it order. Table Manners Good manners are a mark of a well-bred person. Good manners at the table differentiate a civilized person from an uncivilized. General Rules that govern acceptable conduct at the table 1. Everyone should come to the table properly groomed. 2. Come to the table promptly when called. 3. It is discourteous to make others wait for you and a sign of lack of consideration for the person who prepared the meals. 4. Wait for others instead of rushing to the table ahead of them. When there are older or more important persons, permit them to precede you to the table. 5. When you are in the party (if you are a man) you help or assist the lady by pulling out her chair for her to sit. 6. If grace is to be said, sit or stand quietly while is being done. 7. As soon as you are seated, keep your hands on your lap and your elbows close to your sides so as to not interfere with someone next to you. 8. Put your napkin on your lap. At the end of the meal, lay napkin at the left side of the table setting. 9. Do not blow your soup to cool it. Wait until cool enough to eat. 10. Be observant of the needs of others. See the food passed to them. Do not serve yourself first unless the hostess asks you to do so. 11. Sip soup quietly and at the side of your spoon. Do not gulp it, since this is repulsive. 12. Keep your share in conversation but avoid talking about unpleasant or objectionable topics. (ex: illness, operation, etc.) 13. Never reach or grab for food. Request pleasantly what you want. 14. Manage you r silver inconspicuously and learn the rules for its correct usage. 15. After using the desert spoon leave it on the open plate or lay it on the service plate. MODESTY- a moderation in taste, in movement and in words. One who has these traits is considered a decent person. Young girls should know that decent girls are what decent men are looking for especially when it comes to choosing a lifetime partner. A modest person practices the following: * Wears simple and appropriate clothes at all occasions * Wears jewelry and other accessories properly. * Avoid the use of excessive make-up. * Avoid giggling and laughing boisterously in public. A man turned off when the partner notices a girl behaving in such a manner. * Speak well in a well modulated voice * Refrain from boasting or bragging of her influential, relatives, friends and acquaintances. * Does not use foul words in group conversations. * Avoids certain places of enjoyment and entertainment, especially where men drink freely, because they are hunting grounds of the devil. * Do not accept expensive things from a man because that is a bait to make her swallow the hook. * Does not comb her hair nor cut/file her nails in public. On taking a Public or Private Vehicle Whether at home, school, street or in the community, it is a person’s obligation to observe discipline for the sake of peace and harmony. 1. When riding a jeep, wait for it at the PUJ loading and unloading shed. 2. When a PUJ stops, let the passengers come down first before you get in to the jeepney. 3. Pay your fare before getting off. 4. It always more polite for a gentleman to seat lady on his right. However, the male should always be at the danger side. 5. A lady is assisted by her male companion in getting into a car, a taxi or a bus. He is allowed to put his hand under her elbow while assisting her. 6. In getting off a vehicle, the gentleman alights first and offers her his hand. 7. In her own car, a lady always sits at the right hand side of the rear seat of a car that is driven by a chauffeur. 8. In the car or taxi, a lady sits at the edge of the seat, resting her hand on the door handle or window with knees bent.

Movie Genres Vocabulary Lesson for English Learners

Movies (or films) have become an important part of almost everybodys life. Hollywood, Bollywood and many other film centers make a wide variety of films to keep us entertained. This lesson focuses on encouraging students to discuss some of their favorite films by asking students to discuss examples of different  films they like. Next, students write short plot summaries to share with each other.   Aim: Conversation about films to practice and learn new vocabulary related to movies / films Activity: Initial conversation followed by group work for writing practice Level:  Intermediate Outline:   Start the lesson by asking students which type of films there are. Make a few suggestions of recent films using some of the film types to get students started.  Provide a sheet with quick definitions of different film types.  Have students get into small groups and try to come up with at least one film for each type of film.Introduce the idea of a plot. As a class, choose a movie with which everyone is familiar. Write a  quick plot summary together on the board.Each student then chooses a film and writes a short plot summary for the film.Have students get into pairs.  Students describe their chosen films to each other. Students should take notes on each others films.Students switch partners and describe the plot of their first partners film to another student. Speaking About Movies / Films Exercise 1: Movie Types   Try to come up with one example for each type of film. Exercise 2: Plot Summary   You can describe movies by speaking about their plot. Think of a movie youve enjoyed and write up a plot summary.   Plot The plot is the general story of the movie. For example,  Boy meets girl. Boy falls in love with girl. Girl doesnt love boy back. Boy finally convinces girl that hes the right guy.   Types of Films Provide students with these brief descriptions of the following common film genres. Horror   Horror films feature lots of monsters such as Frankenstein, or Dracula. The object of horror films is to make you scream and be afraid, very afraid! Action Action films are films in which the heroes have lots of battles, do incredible stunts and drive fast.   Martial arts Martial arts films feature martial arts such as Judo, Karate, Taekwondo and so on. Bruce Lee made very famous martial arts films. Adventure Adventure films are like action films, but they take place in exotic places. Adventure films include films about pirates, historical adventures such as sailing around the world and space exploration.   Comedy There are many different types of comedy films. In general, comedies make you laugh - a lot! Romance Romance films are love stories made to melt our hearts with stories of people finding each other and falling in love. Many romances are romantic comedies. Romantic comedy Romantic comedies are sweet films that include romance, but also lots of funny moments as well.   Mockumentary A mockumentary is a type of joke documentary. In other words, the film is like a documentary, but about something that doesnt really exist. Mockumentaries are often comedies, such as Borat. Documentary   A documentary is a film that investigates some real-life story that is very interesting for a number of reasons. Many documentaries look at the causes of world problems  or new types of scientific discoveries.   Animation Animation films are sometimes cartoons such as Disney films. However, with computer animation, many cartoons are now animation films. Animation films use computer graphics to make elaborate stories of adventure, comedies, and more.   Biographical Biographical films focus on someones life story. These films are usually about very famous people. Biographical films are also often documentaries.   Disaster Disaster films are a type of adventure film. Unfortunately, disaster films focus on horrible things happening to us like the end of the world films of 2012. Superhero Superhero films are also a type of adventure film. These films feature superheroes from comic books such as Superman, Batman, and Spiderman. Science-fiction Science-fiction films are set in the future and might be about other planets, or just about the future of our planet Earth. Science-fiction films often feature many elements of adventure films such as chases and battles. Drama Drama films are often sad stories about difficult situations in life such as fighting cancer or difficult love stories.   Historical drama Historical dramas are based on real events that happened in the past that are historically important. Thriller Thrillers are spy or espionage stories that are similar to adventure films, but often feature international spy rings, or countries trying to find out secrets about each other.   Detective story Detective stories focus on solving crimes. Usually,  there is a detective who must find out who committed a crime before the criminal commits other horrible crimes.